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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 11:13 pm
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Results for corporal punishment
10 results foundAuthor: Pereznieto, Paola Title: The Economic Impact of School Violence: A Report for Plan International Summary: The research, carried out by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), reveals the enormous economic and social cost of violence in schools across the world. Focused on three types of violence in schools – corporal punishment, bullying and sexual violence – it found the total cost of school violence in terms of social benefits lost in just 13 countries for which information is available ran to almost $60 billion. The research found that children who experience violence at school are likely to earn less, be in greater need of healthcare and other services, and long-term, contribute less to their countries’ economies. It says that the problem is a significant barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goals - as it leads to truancy, under-performance and high drop-out rates. No country is immune from the blight of school violence and eradicating it takes commitment and resources. But failing to invest in it costs considerably more. Details: London: Plan International and Overseas Development Institute, 2010. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2010 at: http://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/economic-impact-of-school-violence-report Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/economic-impact-of-school-violence-report Shelf Number: 120166 Keywords: BullyingCorporal PunishmentEconomics of CrimeSchool CrimeSchool ViolenceSexual Violence |
Author: Antonowicz, Laetitia Title: Too Often in Silence: A Report on School-Based Violence in West and Central Africa Summary: Corporal punishment, sexual violence and bullying are some of the areas explored in this joint report by Plan, ActionAid, Save the Children Sweden and UNICEF on school-based violence in West and Central Africa. Aimed at policy makers, education and child protection programmers, as well as educators, children and communities, the report: looks at the context and causes of violence in and around schools, its nature, and its impact on students - and more broadly on communities and nations; synthesises evidence on the prevalence, frequency and intensity of school-based violence; and proposes key actions to tackle the problem. Although countries in West and Central Africa have ratified international conventions that protect children’s rights to non-violent education, national provisions to fulfill these rights are often inadequate. The report gives a set of recommendations to strengthen and accelerate interventions against violence in schools across the region. Details: Yorr, Dakar-Senegal: UNICEF West and Central African Regional Office; Dakar Ponty, Senegal, Plan West Africa: Regional Office; Dakar-Fann, Senegal: Save the Children Sweden: Regional Office for West Africa; Johannesburg, South Africa: ActionAid International, 2010. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2010 at: http://plan-international.org/files/global/publications/campaigns/Too_often_in_silence_English.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Africa URL: http://plan-international.org/files/global/publications/campaigns/Too_often_in_silence_English.pdf Shelf Number: 120167 Keywords: BullyingCorporal PunishmentSchool CrimeSchool ViolenceSexual Violence |
Author: Blaya, Catherine Title: Expel Violence! A Systematic Review of Interventions to Prevent Corporal Punishment, Sexual Violence and Bullying in Schools Summary: School violence and peer victimization have become a focus concern due to isolated single, extremely violent events (e.g. school shootings). Even in its less serious forms, the issues of violence and behaviour management in schools trigger a great deal of stress for both pupils and school staff. More broadly, school victimization is a predictor of school drop out; criminality; as well as social exclusion for both victims and perpetrators (Olweus, 1991; Farrington, 1993; Smith, 2004). It is also damaging to the general school climate and quality of education (Debarbieux, 1999). School bullying has become one of the main concerns in Northern Europe (Olweus,1978), England (Smith and Sharp, 1994), Spain (Ortega, 1992) and throughout Europe and other countries such as Australia, Japan and North America (Rigby & Slee, 1991; Twemlow et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1999; Cowie, 2000). Other types of violence such as corporal punishment and sexual abuse are common in some countries. Corporal punishment, although it contravenes the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child remains legal in many countries. Research provided evidence that it remains to be considered the best solution for misbehaviour or conflicts with children by some teachers and head-teachers. This includes developed countries such as the United States, where in the late 1980's, it was estimated that corporal punishment was administered between 1 and 2 million times in schools (American Academy of Pediatrics - Committee on School Health, 2000). It is commonly administered to maintain attention and order within the classroom; for poor timekeeping or as a result of bad academic grades (Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org). Sexual abuse by teachers is frequent in some countries. This is not only traumatic for the victims, but also provides a negative male role model to witnesses. In other countries, the fear of girls being sexually abused or threatened leads some ethnic minorities to exclude them from mainstream education (Blaya, 2003). Male pupils and male teachers are usually the perpetrators, with female pupils being the victims. Sexual violence has an impact not only on mental, but also on physical health and is the focus of concern of the World Health Organization and public health sectors worldwide due to sexually transmitted diseases, mainly HIV. Details: Woking, Surrey, UK: Plan Limited, 2008. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: https://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/files/expel-violence-english Year: 2008 Country: International URL: https://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/files/expel-violence-english Shelf Number: 132129 Keywords: Child Sexual ViolenceCorporal PunishmentPeer VictimizationSchool BullyingSchool CrimeSchool Violence |
Author: KidsRights Title: No Place To Hide: Physical Child Abuse in a global context, with a focus on Moldova Summary: One in four children around the world suffer from severe and frequent physical abuse, much of it at the hands of their parents in the privacy of their own home. It can leave them with physical and emotional scars, disability or even death. It is a cycle which repeats itself from generation to generation. Violence in the home is often seen by society as an acceptable form of discipline. Corporal punishment is, however, a clear violation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. So far only 36 countries in the world have prohibited corporal punishment by law, and elsewhere it is condoned as a mainstream practice. Non-violent methods of child discipline are far from universal, and in many cases, unheard of. Poverty and economic hardship are key factors in child abuse, creating tension within the family that leads to violence. Poverty undermines the support structures, both formal and informal, that might otherwise alleviate family stresses. However it has been shown that child abuse comes at a financial cost to society. Every 1 invested in preventing violence in Europe produces a social return of $87.60. Moldova is an Eastern European country which gained its independence from Russia in 1991. Poverty is widespread and unemployment high. 23% of the country's income is generated by family members who work abroad and send money back home. Despite a raft of laws and strategies against physical child abuse, including a ban on corporal punishment, UNICEF considers physical child abuse in Moldova to be "a major problem". The organisation has found that one third of the deaths of children under five are caused by violence and injuries. 48% of children aged 2-14 years old suffer physical violence at home (and 59% of 2-4 year olds), and hitting is considered an acceptable form of discipline. Children in Moldova are made more vulnerable by a number of risk factors which include poverty, migration, alcohol use, limited economic opportunities, public tolerance of violence and a lack of knowledge about positive disciplining methods. The government of Moldova is making good progress towards its goals of deinstitutionalisation, replacing large-scale community services with family-based individual care for children. It is in the early years of its Strategy for the Protection of the Child and the Family: 2013 to 2020, and in partnership with UNICEF, the government is currently distributing information about non-violent forms of discipline to 700,000 families. There is a scarcity of data on physical child abuse in Moldova; this is a difficult field of research in general violence in the home is a private practice, and often goes unreported by its victims. More thorough and continuous data-collection is needed, both globally and in Moldova itself. Globally, the factors, which lead to physical child abuse, must be addressed, and children empowered to stand up for their rights. States should strive to change attitudes towards "acceptable violence", and prohibit all forms of corporal punishment. The government of Moldova should make the prevention of child abuse a continuous priority, improving the child helpline, integrating reporting mechanisms, enhancing data collection, and training parents in non-violent methods of discipline. The Strategy for the Protection of the Child and the Family: 2013 to 2020 must be closely monitored and kept in line with developments in best practice. Details: Amsterdam: KidsRights Foundation, 2014. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2014 at: http://www.kidsrights.org/Portals/1/About%20us/KidsRightsReport%20Moldova%20Physical%20child%20abuse%202%20def.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Moldova URL: http://www.kidsrights.org/Portals/1/About%20us/KidsRightsReport%20Moldova%20Physical%20child%20abuse%202%20def.pdf Shelf Number: 133086 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Moldova)Child ProtectionCorporal Punishment |
Author: Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children Title: Cruel, inhuman and degrading: ending corporal punishment in penal systems for children Summary: This report documents that 38 states, which include just under 40% of the world's children, have not fully prohibited the sentencing of children to corporal punishment by their courts and 67 states have not prohibited violent punishment of children in penal institutions. It is being launched at the 2015 World Congress on Juvenile Justice, which "aims to become a milestone in the implementation of international norms". How can these states, 25 years after adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, continue to ignore their international obligations and maintain these barbaric practices? For many children, I fear we are barely at the starting point in respecting their human dignity: we must all redouble explicit advocacy. Details: London: Global Initiative, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2015 at: http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/reports/Juvenile%20Justice%20Report%202015%20singles.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/reports/Juvenile%20Justice%20Report%202015%20singles.pdf Shelf Number: 134548 Keywords: Corporal PunishmentJuvenile Inmates |
Author: Nobody's Children Foundation Title: The Problem of Child Abuse: Comparative Report from Six East European Countries 2010-2013 Summary: The goal of the study was to assess attitudes towards child abuse and corporal punishment as well as parental practices in six countries participating in the project "Childhood without Abuse: Towards a Better Child Protection System in Eastern Europe" financed by OAK Foundations. The same measurements were applied in 2010 and 2013 to provide an objective evaluation of the change that occurred during the project as well as comparison between countries. The results from earlier studies were also utilised to address the changes in attitudes towards corporal punishment and, in effect, findings from years 2005-2013 have been compared. To achieve the above mentioned goal, the following research questions were stated: - How do the respondents estimate the dynamics of various aspects of child abuse? - What are the respondents' self-reported attitudes toward parental use of physical punishment of children? - What are their attitudes towards a legal ban on different forms of corporal punishment? - What institutions in the broadly understood field of child protection provide help for abused children? - How do parents punish their children? Details: Warsaw, Poland: Nobody's Children Foundation, 2013. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2015 at: http://www.canee.net/files/OAK_Comparative_Report_Child_Abuse_6_Countries_2010-2013_.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://www.canee.net/files/OAK_Comparative_Report_Child_Abuse_6_Countries_2010-2013_.pdf Shelf Number: 135001 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Europe)Child MaltreatmentChild ProtectionCorporal Punishment |
Author: Galm, Beate Title: Combating Child Abuse and Neglect: Child Protection in Germany Summary: The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal state with 16 partially sovereign constituent Lander (Federal States). The authorities of the Lander extend to legislation. The distribution of legislative and other competences between the federal government and the Lander is governed by the German Constitution, which is binding for all. The constitution stipulates the basic rights of its 82 million citizens. To promote and protect the child's rights, the constitution stipulates the distribution of responsibilities between parents and government as follows: Childcare and the education of children are the right and duty of the parents. The national community monitors their activities. Only if the parents fail to fulfill their care and educational duties sufficiently, then state is not only entitled to intervene but also mandated. This happens in child endangerment cases, which the parents themselves cannot or do not want to avert. Moreover the state has the general duty to support families in their task of care and education. So far, there is no significant information available in Germany about how often cases become known in the children and youth protection system, where violence against children transgresses the threshold of child endangerment. In fact, there is a nationwide unified official child and youth welfare statistic; however, it focuses on actions and not on cases or case situations. Currently, a Federal Child Protection Act (Bundeskinderschutz-gesetz) is under way which is likely to come into force in 2012. It provides for expanding the child and youth welfare statistic with the objective of collecting the number of cases of child endangerment known in the area of child and youth welfare. In general, only limited assertions can be made concerning the extent of various types of violence against children in Germany. These are based on few studies with a representative selection of the population, on methodologically insufficient estimates (overview in Pothmann, 2006), and on smaller samples in the area of healthcare and Children and Youth Services. Moreover, various statistics (e.g. child and youth statistic, the crime statistic of the police, the statistic of the cause of death) provide information about various partial quantities, e.g. cases of abuse, which are criminally prosecuted or cases, in which children are removed from the family for a short or long-term. In light of the widespread child neglect and psychological child abuse there is a recent representative study (Hauser et al., 2011). Lesser intensity of neglect included, almost 50% of the respondents (juveniles and adults were surveyed, n = 2504) report physical neglect and nearly 50% report emotional neglect in their childhood and adolescence. Serious physical neglect was experienced by 10.8%, serious emotional neglect by 6.6%. The proportion auf psychological abuse reported is 15%, if moderate intensity is included and 1.6% for serious psychological abuse. Non-representative data suggest that child neglect is by far the most common form of endangerment known in the area of child and youth welfare. This assertion is strengthened by the tendency that the situation is similar in all countries, which so far have examined the frequency of various forms of child endangerment (Galm et al., 2010, p. 38-40). In the case of Germany, this was confirmed by a study based on cases over which the family court had to decide about an intervention concerning the parental care (Munder et al., 2000, n = 318). In nearly two-thirds (65 percent) of the cases, the presence of child neglect was affirmed by the social workers. In every second case (50 percent), it was seen as the main cause for endangerment. The same study described psychological child abuse as the second most frequent form of endangerment after child neglect and before physical abuse and sexual abuse of children. Moreover, there is a high rate of overlapping between various forms of child endangerment. These findings are reflected internationally as well (e.g. Jonson-Reid et al., 2003). The few representative study results suggest, that the majority of parents in Germany - even with a decreasing trend - still use at least some minor forms of corporal punishment against their child such as a light slap in the face or a spanking (Bussmann, 2004, 2005, 2008, Wetzels, 1997, Pfeiffer et al., 1997, 1999, Baier et al., 2009). In this connection, Germany is in a middle position in a European comparative study about corporal punishment (Bussmann, 2008). This study also shows that most parents - in Germany about 90% - are aiming to raise their children free of violence. In a summary of German study results, Engfer (2005) concludes that 10% to 15% of parents use more severe and more frequent corporal punishments. In the survey of Hauser et al. (2011) 12% of the respondents re-port physical and 2.8% serious physical violence. In three representative surveys, women, men (Wetzels & Pfeiffer, 1995, Wetzels, 1997, Bienek et al., 2011, Hauser, 2011), juvenile girls, and boys (repeat survey of BZgA, 2010) are asked among others about sexual violence during their childhood and youth. The results show that based on a wider definition of sexual violence up to 19% of women and 8% of men were affected by sexual violence during childhood in Germany. The follow up survey (n = 11,428) by Bienek et al. (2011) is interesting: The results show a significant reduction of sexual violence in the last 20 years. Depending on the definition, in international studies the figures fluctuate between 7% and 36% in affected women and between 3% and 19% in affected men concerning the extent of sexual violence (Finkelhor, 2005). Since the end of the last century the awareness of the negative effects of partnership violence on children has increased in Germany (Kavemann, 2006) According to international studies, partnership violence, which has a special potential for injury and which is embedded in forms of control and debasement is mainly initiated by men toward their partners (research over-views e.g. in Johnson, 2001, Saunders, 2002). In Germany, these findings are confirmed by a representative study (a representative community sample of 10,000 women from all over Germany) concerning living situations, security, and health of women commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Families, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (Muller et al., 2004). This study concludes that at least every fourth woman (25 %) between the ages of 16 and 85 years, who has lived in a partnership, has experienced one or several times physical (23 %) or - in part additionally - sexual (7 %) violence by their partner (Muller et al., 2004, p. 8). Compared to the prevailing data from other European studies (overview in Hagemann-White 2001), these results are in the medium to upper level, whereby the methods and instruments of the survey, the topic and content of focus as well as the included age and examination samples vary greatly and make a comparison the more difficult. In this survey 60% of the women, who had experienced a violent relationship were living with children at the time (N=485). Asked about how they thought this affected their children 57% of these women reported that the children had overheard violent situations, 50% that children had seen these situations and 25% stated that children had tried to defend them against their violent partner. 23% of the women believed that the children had not noticed the partnership violence at all. (Muller et al., 2004, pp. 276-277) In surveys of unreported incidents with juveniles (Enzmann & Wetzels, 2001), approx. 7 % of the ones surveyed stated that they experienced frequent violence of the (social) father against the mother or of both parents against one another during the year prior to the survey. Details: Munich: Deutsches Jugendinstitut e.V., 2011. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2015 at: http://www.youthpolicy.nl/yp/downloadsyp/Daphne-report-Germany.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Germany URL: http://www.youthpolicy.nl/yp/downloadsyp/Daphne-report-Germany.pdf Shelf Number: 135901 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectChild MaltreatmentChild ProtectionChild WelfareCorporal Punishment |
Author: Heilman, Anja Title: Equally Protected? A review of the evidence on the physical punishment of children Summary: The physical punishment of children is still a common parenting practice in Scotland and the rest of the UK. Although legal reform to protect children from all physical punishment in all settings is now regarded as an obligation under international human rights law, its use is lawful in the home and in private foster care1 in all four UK jurisdictions. This means that children do not have the same level of legal protection from violence as adults. The use of physical punishment, however, is becoming more and more controversial. There is increasing recognition that physical punishment constitutes a violation of children's human rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and research evidence on its detrimental effects on children's health and development is fast accumulating. The last decade has seen a surge in the number of research articles on the outcomes of physical punishment for children, as well as in the rate at which states across the world have legislated to prohibit all forms of physical punishment and give children equal protection. Over the same period, child policy in Scotland has increasingly been developed with reference to a children's rights framework. The Scottish Government's overarching approach to child wellbeing ('Getting it Right for Every Child') is based on the twin principles of prevention and early intervention, and clearly articulates the right of all children to be nurtured, kept safe and have the best start in life. This research project was commissioned by NSPCC Scotland, Children 1st, Barnardo's Scotland and the Children and Young People's Commissioner Scotland, with the aim of updating the findings of a previous review on physical punishment published in Northern Ireland in 2008 ('NI Review'). The current review summarises the evidence that has become available in the years since the NI Review, focusing on the following three research questions: 1. What are the prevalence of / attitudes towards different types of parental physical punishment in the UK and other OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries? In particular, a. What are the trends over time? b. What evidence is there of changes in prevalence / attitudes in countries which have made physical punishment illegal? 2. What are the outcomes of physical punishment for child health and development, and later-life health and wellbeing? 3. Is parental use of physical punishment related to an increased risk of child maltreatment? Details: London: NSPCC, 2015. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2015 at: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/equally-protected.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/research-reports/equally-protected.pdf Shelf Number: 137356 Keywords: Child MaltreatmentChild ProtectionCorporal PunishmentParenting |
Author: Sutton, Heather Title: How Safe Are Caribbean Homes for Women and Children? Attitudes toward Intimate Partner Violence and Corporal Punishment Summary: This policy brief uses data from the 2014/2015 Latin American Public Opinion Project survey to examine attitudes toward intimate partner violence and child physical discipline in six Caribbean countries. Although Latin America has a reputation for a particularly macho culture, Caribbean adults were 10.8 percent more likely to tolerate a man beating his wife if she neglects the household chores and 5.7 percent more likely to if she is unfaithful. Characteristics of those who were more tolerant of intimate partner violence included being lower income, younger, resident of a rural area, and not completing secondary education. Similarly, those who say it is necessary to physically punish children in the Caribbean - and those who experienced physical punishment frequently themselves - were more prevalent than in Latin American countries. Experiencing frequent physical punishment during childhood was found to be a statistically significant correlate of male tolerance of intimate partner violence after controlling for other individual characteristics. Policy options to prevent intimate partner violence and childhood violence are examined. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief No. IDB-PB-258: Accessed May 8, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7998/How-Safe-Caribbean-Homes-Women-Children-Attitudes-toward-Intimate-Partner-Violence-Corporal-Punishment.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2016 Country: Caribbean URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7998/How-Safe-Caribbean-Homes-Women-Children-Attitudes-toward-Intimate-Partner-Violence-Corporal-Punishment.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 145356 Keywords: Corporal PunishmentFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "I Don't Want my Child to be Beaten": Corporal Punishment in Lebanon's Schools Summary: Lebanon's Education Ministry has banned corporal punishment in schools since the 1970s, and the penal code allows no defense for the crime of assault by school staff against students. Yet because of a lack of accountability, the ban on violent discipline is often disregarded. Based on the cases of 51 children, and interviews with NGO staff, teachers, and government officials, "I Don’t Want My Child to Be Beaten": Corporal Punishment in Lebanon's Schools finds that students at both public and private schools suffer humiliating insults, hair-pulling, and beatings with rulers and other objects. Parents said that their complaints about violent abuse were rebuffed or that they received little or no information as to how they were handled. Syrian refugee children may be particularly vulnerable to abuse and afraid to complain, as the majority lack legal residency in Lebanon. The report urges the Education Ministry, which launched a comprehensive child protection policy in 2018, to take concrete steps to enforce the ban on corporal punishment and ensure all teachers are trained in positive discipline. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2019. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2019 at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/05/13/i-dont-want-my-child-be-beaten/corporal-punishment-lebanons-schools Year: 2019 Country: Lebanon URL: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/lebanon0519_web2.pdf Shelf Number: 156161 Keywords: Child MaltreatmentChildren and ViolenceCorporal PunishmentSchool DisciplineViolence Against ChildrenViolence in Schools |